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  • Intellectual property framework

    Overview

    Intellectual property is a right protected by the Constitution of the Republic of Angola. The fundamental intellectual property framework in Angola is provided in 2 main acts: the Legal Regime for the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights and the Industrial Property Law.

  • Commercial contract framework

    Overview

    Angolan law lays down a general principle of contractual freedom, which means that parties are mostly free to establish the terms and conditions to be observed by the contracts they enter into (exceptions are made to mandatory rules legally imposed which will depend on the specific contractual relationship) and are entitled to enter into contracts provided for in the law, but also into contracts that are not provided for in the law.

    Angolan law does not establish a unitary act or set of rules applicable to all commercial contracts. Depending on the specific contractual relationship, commercial contracts may be subject to the provisions of the Civil Code, Commercial Code, Copyright and Related Rights Law, and the Industrial Property Law as well as other specific legislation.

    The aforementioned set of rules changes according to the specific contract in question.

  • Copyrights

    Nature of right

    Copyright covers original literary, scientific and artistic intellectual creations, or works. Registration is not required for the acquisition or maintenance of copyright rights; however, there are certain specific copyright-related acts subject to registration in order to be valid.

    In Angola, copyright comprises economic and moral rights.

    In the scope of economic rights, copyright owners have the exclusive right to use, enjoy and dispose of their work, or to authorize the use of the work, wholly or in part, by third parties.

    Moral rights consist in the right to claim authorship of the work, as well as the right to ensure its genuineness and integrity.

    Legal framework

    Copyrights are governed by Law No. 15/14 of July 31, which introduced the Legal Regime for the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights.

    Duration of right

    As general rule, moral copyrights are unlimited in time and, therefore, are inalienable and imprescriptible. With respect to economic copyrights, copyright protection lasts for a term of 70 years, counted as of January 1 of the first year after the death of the author, as well as through the life of the author.

    In the case of works in collaboration, copyright expires 70 years after the death of the last surviving author. As per collective works or works originally assigned to a corporate person, copyright expires 70 years from the date of the first licit publication or disclosure, except if the individuals who create it were identified in the version of the work available to the public.

    For an anonymous work, or work that was legally published or disclosed without identifying the respective author, protection is for 70 years after publication or disclosure.

    Please note that, with respect to applied arts and photographic works, economic copyrights protection lasts for a term of 45 years, counted as of January 1 of the first year after the death of the author.

    Economic copyrights related to a broadcaster last up to 35th calendar year after the broadcast.

    Ownership / licenses

    Moral rights are inalienable.

    The copyright owner, as well as their successors or assignees, may authorize the use of the work by third parties or assign economic rights, wholly or partially.

    Granting an authorization to third parties in order for them to divulge, publish, use or explore the work does not imply the transfer of copyright rights.

    Authorization shall only be granted in writing, mandatorily including the parties involved, the title and type of the work, the rights concerned, the duration, place and price conditions.

    Please note that the assigns are only effective against third parties when registered.

    Remedies for infringement

    The copyright owner may request payment of compensation by the agent for damages and losses to repair the damage suffered as a result the infringement, as well as payment of expenses caused by that infringement, which may include legal expenses.

    The amount of the compensation is determined in accordance with the civil liability regime provided for by the Angolan Civil Code, taking into account the amount of material and moral damage suffered by the copyright owner, as well as the profit obtained by the offender.

    When it is proven that the infringing copies affect a right, the Court may order, ensuring that the penalty is proportionate to the seriousness of the offense and taking into account the legitimate interests of third parties, the destruction of those copies and their packaging or their elimination of trade channels by any other reasonable means, without compensation of any kind, in order to avoid any damage to the copyright owner.

  • Mask works / topographies

    Nature of right

    Mask works and topographies are not separately protected under Angolan law. They may be protected under patent law or by way of confidentiality.

    Legal framework

    Angolan has enacted no specific rules on protection of mask works or topographies. Although Angola is part of the WTO and has approved the TRIPS Agreement, it has not yet implemented any rules on mask works or topographies protection.

    Semiconductor technology, generally, and topographies, in particular, may be protected under the traditional intellectual property rules applicable to all types of technology, particularly patent law and the rules on confidential information. Therefore, matters such as the duration of the relevant rights, ownership and remedies depend on the type of protection used in connection with each specific mask work or topography.

    Duration of right

    Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

    Ownership / licenses

     Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

    Remedies for infringement

    Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

  • Patents

    Nature of right

    Patent rights cover new inventions, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application.

    An invention shall be considered new if it does not form part of the state of the art, which comprises everything, inside or outside the country, made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use, or in any other way, before the date of filling of the patent application.

    An invention shall be considered involving an inventive step if it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art.

    An invention shall be considered susceptible of industrial application if it can be made or used in any kind of industry, including agriculture, fishing and handicraft.

    A national patent confers on its owner the exclusive right to exploit the patented invention in Angolan territory.

    Legal framework

    Patents are governed by the following:

    • Chapter II, the Industrial Property Law (Articles 2 to 14)
    • Membership of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), approved by Resolution No. 9/84 of July 20
    • Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property – approved by Resolution No. 22/05 of August 19
    • Cooperation Treaty patent (PCT) approved by Resolution No. 22/05 of August 19 and
    • Membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO), hence the TRIPS Agreement (Accession November 23, 1996).

    Duration of right

    Patent protection is granted up to a maximum period of 15 years from the date of filling of the patent application.

    Ownership / licenses

    Patents can be transferred in writing, by means of public deed, whether or not for financial reward.

    Patents may also be licensed in writing, wholly or partially, whether or not for financial reward, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.

    Transfer of ownership and licenses shall be recorded in the Angolan Institute of Industrial Property to be effective against third parties.

    Remedies for infringement

    Whenever there is violation of or justified fear that another party may cause serious and difficult-to-repair harm to an industrial property right, including patent rights, the court may, at request of the interested party, order the appropriate measures to prevent any imminent violation or to prohibit continuation of the violation.

    Whoever illegally violates the industrial property rights of another person with intent or by negligence shall be obliged to pay a compensation to the injured party for damages resulting from the violation.

    In determining the amount of compensation for losses and damages, the court shall take into account the profit obtained by the infringer and the resulting damages and lost profits suffered by the injured party. The costs borne out of protection of the right in question and the investigation and termination of the harmful conduct shall also be taken in consideration, as well as personal injury.

    Infringement of the exclusive right granted by a patent may be also punishable as crime with imprisonment up to 6 months or a fine.

  • Trademarks

    Nature of right

    A trademark is a sign that distinguishes a company's goods or services, from the goods and services provided by other companies. There are 3 types of trademarks, namely:

    • Nominative: when constituted by letter(s) or word(s)
    • Figurative: consisting of figures or images and
    • Mixed: when it includes a combination of figures and words or letters in its constitution.

    The registered trademark confers to the owner, the right to prevent third parties that do not have their consent from using in the course of trade any sign which is identical or similar to the trademark in relation to goods and/or services which are identical or similar to those for which the trademark is registered.

    Legal framework

    Trademarks are governed by the following:

    • Chapter II, the Industrial Property Law (Articles 29 to 40)
    • Membership of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), approved by Resolution No. 9/84 of July 20
    • Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property – approved by Resolution No. 22/05 of August 19 and
    • Membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO), hence the TRIPS Agreement (Accession November 23, 1996).

    Angola is not a party to either the Madrid Agreement or the Madrid Protocol. As such, International Registrations (IRs) cannot be extended to Angola. Angola's accession to the Madrid Agreement and/or the Madrid Protocol is currently the subject of consultation, but the position is unlikely to change for a number of years to come.

    Duration of right

    National trademark registrations remain valid for 10 years starting from the date of filing of the application and may be indefinitely renewed for equal periods.

    Ownership / licenses

    Trademarks can be transferred in writing, wholly or partially, whether or not for financial reward. A transfer of the whole of the undertaking shall include the transfer of the trademark except where there is agreement to the contrary or circumstances clearly dictate otherwise.

    Trademarks may also be licensed in writing, wholly or partially, whether or not for financial reward, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.

    Transfer of ownership and licenses must be recorded in the Angolan Institute of Industrial Property to be effective against third parties.

    Remedies for infringement

    Whenever there is violation of or justified fear that another party may cause serious and difficult-to-repair harm to an industrial property right, including trademarks, the court may, at request of the interested party, order appropriate measures to prevent any imminent violation or to prohibit continuation of the violation.

    Whoever illegally violates the industrial property rights of another person with intent or by negligence shall be obliged to pay a compensation to the injured party for the damages resulting from the violation.

    In determining the amount of compensation for losses and damages, the court shall take into account the profit obtained by the infringer and the resulting damages and lost profits suffered by the injured party. The costs borne out of protection of the right in question and the investigation and termination of the harmful conduct shall also be taken in consideration, as well as personal injury.

    Trademark infringement is punishable as crime with imprisonment up to 3 months or a fine.

  • Trade secrets

    Nature of right

    Trade secrets are not protected as property in Angola. However, the Angolan Industrial Property Law, in the chapter related to Crimes of Unfair Competition, characterizes as crimes certain conducts involving the unauthorized use of trade secrets. As a result, there is legal protection against the violation of trade secrets.

    Legal framework

    Trade secrets are addressed in article 73 of the Angolan Industrial Property Law.

    Duration of right

    Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

    Ownership / licenses

    Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

    Remedies for infringement

    Remedies available for infringement of trade secrets can include criminal remedies (imprisonment and monetary fine) and civil remedies (injunction to prevent the continuation of infringements and damages).

    Trade secret violation is punishable with a fine, if a more serious sanction does not apply by applying the provisions of the penal code and Law No. 9/89 (Law on Crimes Against the Economy).

  • Other key IP rights

    Nature of right

    Design

    Industrial design means any new arrangement or set of lines or colors that, for industrial or commercial purposes, can be applied to the ornamentation of a product by any manual, mechanical, chemical, simple or combined process.

    The registered design confers to the owner the right to prevent third parties that do not have their consent from using it. The aforementioned use shall cover, in particular, the making, offering, putting on the market, importing, exporting or using of a product in which the design is incorporated or to which it is applied, or stocking such a product for those purposes.

    Industrial designs

    Industrial designs

    Legal framework

    Design

    Designs are governed by Chapter III of the Industrial Property Law (Articles 15 to 28).

    Duration of right

    Design

    Designs registrations remain valid for 5 years starting from the date of filing of the application and may be renewed for 2 consecutive times of 5 years each.

    Ownership / licenses

    Design

    Designs may be licensed in writing, wholly or partially, whether or not for financial reward, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.

    Transfer of ownership and licenses must be recorded in the Angolan Institute of Industrial Property to be effective against third parties.

    Remedies for infringement

    Design

    Whenever there is violation of or justified fear that another party may cause serious and difficult-to-repair harm to an industrial property right, including designs, the court may, at request of the interested party, order appropriate measures to prevent any imminent violation or to prohibit continuation of the violation.

    Whoever illegally violates the industrial property rights of another person with intent or by negligence shall be obliged to pay a compensation to the injured party for the damages resulting from the violation.

    In determining the amount of compensation for losses and damages, the court shall take into account the profit obtained by the infringer and the resulting damages and lost profits suffered by the injured party. The costs borne out of protection of the right in question and the investigation and termination of the harmful conduct shall also be taken in consideration, as well as personal injury.

    Infringement of the exclusive right granted by a registered design may be punishable with a fine.

  • Intellectual property in employment context

    Employees

    As a general rule, the copyright over a work made under a labor agreement or in compliance with functional obligations is determined by agreement between the parties. In case no agreement exists, it is presumed that the ownership over the work belongs to the respective intellectual creator. In cases where there is a service provision contract, the property rights over the work are transferred to the contractor or entity represented by it.

    The right to patent shall belong to the inventor or their successors in title. Notwithstanding, if an invention was made during the performance of an employment contract in which inventive activity is provided for, the right to the patent belongs to the employer.

    Consultants / contractors

    In principle, consultants and contractors will retain ownership of the intellectual property developed by them, unless otherwise agreed by the parties or provided for in the law.

  • Key commercial contract considerations

    Registration of commercial agreements

    There are no general registration requirements for commercial contracts under Angolan law; however, certain exceptions may arise. Furthermore, Industrial Property Rights licenses are subject to registration within the Angolan Industrial Property Institute (IAPI) in order to be enforceable against third parties.

    Recognized language of commercial agreements

    There are no general requirements under Angolan law that provide that contracts must be written in Portuguese. However, in certain cases – for instance, contracts with consumers – the Portuguese language is mandatory, and, if the contract is to be used in specific situations – for example, for purposes of evidence in court or used with public authorities – translation to Portuguese is required.

    Country-specific issues for online content

    Electronic contracts are regulated under Presidential Decree No. 202/11 of July 22.

    Enforceability of online/clickwrap/shrinkwrap terms

    Contracts may be concluded electronically, provided that it does not affect its validity or effectiveness due to the use of this medium. Please note that general contractual clauses requiring electronic conclusion of consumer contracts are prohibited.

    The provider shall make available to the recipients, before the conclusion, unambiguous minimum information including (i) the contract conclusion process, (ii) whether or not the contract is stored by the service provider and accessibility by the recipient, (iii) the language or languages in which the contract may be concluded, (iv) the technical means which the provider makes available so that errors of introduction which may be contained in the order form may be identified and corrected, (v) the contractual terms and general clauses of the contract to be concluded, (vi) the codes of conduct subscribed and information on how to consult them electronically  and (vii) the effective technical means which allows the recipient to identify and correct inserted errors.

    Governing law

    The interpretation and enforceability of contracts is a matter of governing law. The choice of law by the parties is accepted as a general principle, except when otherwise provided for by law; please, however, note that, in certain cases, there are rules of mandatory application – for instance, in the scope of contracts concluded with consumers.

  • Key commercial contract terms

    Enforceability of warranty disclaimers

    This will depend on the specific warranty. Notwithstanding, the law may provide some restrictions on the enforceability of warranty disclaimers (eg, for reasons of consumer protection).

    Enforceability of exclusions/limitations of liability indemnification

    As general rule, the enforceability of exclusions or limitation of liability is limited under Angolan law. According to civil law, limitation of liability or exclusion of liability concerns the grounds of liability itself and the damages and losses. The law is not absolutely clear when dealing with the matter; therefore, some hold the opinion that the law does not prevent clauses limiting or excluding liability for acts of mere negligence, while others suggest that all clauses of exclusion or limitation are completely null and void.

    Indemnification

    Indemnification clauses in contracts are, in principle, enforceable, but may be subject to restrictions provided for in the law. It is relatively common to stipulate in commercial agreements that the indemnifying party will indemnify and hold harmless the other party against claims of third parties related to the subject matter of the agreement.

    Electronic signatures

    According to Angolan law, a qualified electronic signature is equivalent to an autographic signature in paper documents. An electronic document shall only be deemed to be signed for purposes of evidence where it meets the requirements set by the law on electronic signature and certification.

  • Key contacts
    Murillo Costa Sanches
    Murillo Costa Sanches
    Of Counsel DLA Piper [email protected] T +351 213 583 659 View bio
    Joni Garcia
    Joni Garcia
    Associate DLA Piper ADCA Angola [email protected] T +244 926 612 525

Key commercial contract terms

Enforceability of warranty disclaimers

Angola

This will depend on the specific warranty. Notwithstanding, the law may provide some restrictions on the enforceability of warranty disclaimers (eg, for reasons of consumer protection).

Argentina

Argentine law provides certain warranties, generally applicable to all types of contracts implying the transfer of rights. These warranties apply, in particular, to the validity of the rights being transferred and to the fitness of the goods regarding which rights are transferred.

The general rule is that these warranties may be limited or eliminated by agreement between the parties. However, these disclaimers are totally or partially invalid in several types of cases: if the transferor had prior knowledge of the invalidity of the transferred rights or of the deficiency of the goods involved; if the transferor is a merchant and the parties waiving the transferor's rights are not; and if the warranty disclaimer is included in a consumer or adhesion contract.

Australia

Warranty disclaimers which purport to exclude, restrict or modify the consumer guarantees as contained in the ACL are unenforceable.

If a warranty against defects is provided in relation to goods or services, it must be provided in addition to the consumer guarantees. A warranty against defects is a representation made to a consumer that, if goods or services (or part of them) are defective, a business will repair or replace goods (or part of them), resupply or fix a problem with services (or part of them) or provide compensation to the consumer.

Documents that evidence a warranty against defect, which may include receipts, labels or packaging in addition to a more formal contract, must contain certain information including the following mandatory text for the supply of goods which is provided under the ACL:

Our goods come with guarantees that cannot be excluded under the Australian Consumer Law. You are entitled to a replacement or refund for a major failure and compensation for any other reasonably foreseeable loss or damage. You are also entitled to have the goods repaired or replaced if the goods fail to be of acceptable quality and the failure does not amount to a major failure.

From June 9, 2019, the mandatory text for the supply of services is:

Our services come with guarantees that cannot be excluded under the Australian Consumer Law. For major failures with the service, you are entitled:
- to cancel your service contract with us; and
- to a refund for the unused portion, or to compensation for its reduced value
You are also entitled to be compensated for any other reasonably foreseeable loss or damage.
If the failure does not amount to a major failure, you are entitled to have problems with the service rectified in a reasonable time and, if this is not done, to cancel your contract and obtain a refund for the unused portion of the contract.

From June 9, 2019, the mandatory text for the combined supply of goods and services is:

Our goods and services come with guarantees that cannot be excluded under the Australian Consumer Law. For major failures with the service, you are entitled:
- to cancel your service contract with us; and
- to a refund for the unused portion, or to compensation for its reduced value.
You are also entitled to choose a refund or replacement for major failures with goods. If a failure with the goods or a service does not amount to a major failure, you are entitled to have the failure rectified in a reasonable time. If this is not done you are entitled to a refund for the goods and to cancel the contract for the service and obtain a refund of any unused portion. You are also entitled to be compensated for any other reasonably foreseeable loss or damage from a failure in the goods or service.

 

Austria

Limitations and exclusions of warranty claims are generally permissible, except if contra bonos mores, but to be interpreted restrictively. Such disclaimers are not permissible in business-to-consumer contracts.

Belgium

Limitations and exclusions of warranty claims are generally permissible, including in business-to-consumer contracts, but are subject to the Act of September 1, 2004 (corresponding to Articles 1649bis and following of the Civil Code) on the protection of consumers in respect of the sale of consumer goods, which provides a 2-year warranty period.

Brazil

Depending on the services or goods provided, and who the buyer is, the supplier may be subject to mandatory rules regarding warranties.

Disclaimers and contractual provisions on warranty are usually enforceable, provided that they do not conflict with mandatory rules. For instance, disclaimers against consumers are likely to be deemed null or considered abusive.

Canada

Great care must be taken in drafting warranty disclaimers. In a sale of goods context, a warranty is a promise that an assertion of fact is true, supported by an implied promise of indemnity if the assertion is false. If a warranty is untrue, it is breached and the recipient of the warranty is entitled to damages for breach of contract.

The Sale of Goods Acts in most of the common law provinces distinguish between conditions (a breach of which entitles a party to reject the goods) and warranties (a breach of which  only entitles a party to claim damages). Implied conditions include fitness for purpose and merchantability. Many cases have shown that where clauses purport to disclaim warranties of fitness for purpose and merchantability, such clauses have been ignored since both are conditions, not warranties.

In consumer transactions, some provinces have legislation that limits the ability to disclaim certain statutory or otherwise common implied terms.

Implied warranties in a contract of sale include a consumer’s quiet possession of the goods and the goods’ freedom from encumbrances.

Chile

Sellers can disclaim or exclude implied warranties in their contracts. Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced.

For contracts with consumers, there are special provisions in this regard that generally include a forced period of 6 months for liability for product defects.

China

Generally, warranty disclaimers are enforceable if negotiated and agreed by the parties. The Civil Code contains restrictions on enforceability under certain circumstances, such as in the context of standard contracts. There may also be additional restrictions provided by sectoral or consumer protection rules (eg, disclaimers regarding product quality and conformity with mandatory standards, etc.).

When negotiating contracts with Chinese vendors or partners with regard to the provision of any online services, careful consideration should be given before including the following matters in warranty disclaimers, due to their importance to the performance and compliance of the underlying services:

  • The vendor’s warranty that is has obtained all the required IP licenses and administrative permits in providing the services. In particular with regard to the administrative permits, some online services (eg, e-commerce platforms, SaaS services with certain functions, VPN services, data center services, information exchange or distribution platforms, online communities, instant messaging services, etc.) that would not trigger any administrative permit requirements in foreign jurisdictions may constitute value-added telecom services (VATS) in China and thus require the relevant operation permits. Not all categories of VAST are open to foreign investment. Thus, where the provision of any local services is part of a global solution, the qualification due diligence and warranty regarding the local vendor (eg, a Chinese affiliate under a global brand) is critical.
  • The warranty regarding the processing and sharing of any important data. Important data is a unique concept under the Chinese data protection law, which refers to data that may affect the national security or public interests. The processing of important data is subject to strict requirements (eg, security certification requirements on the systems used to process important data, approval requirements for cross-border transfer of important data, etc.). Thus, a warranty (usually from the data controller) of not sharing important data during cooperation or only sharing important data after satisfying all requirements is important. In case of the later, it is equally important to clarify with the data controller any associated data protection obligations regarding the processing of the received important data.

Colombia

Warranty disclaimers are recognized and enforceable if they are made known to the parties and/or are conspicuous.

According to Law 1480 of 2011, warranty disclaimers are not enforceable against consumers unless the product defect is derived from force majeure, a third-party fault, misuse of the product or the fact that consumer did not follow the instructions for the installation, use or maintenance of the product.

Czech Republic

Disclaimers of statutory warranty are acceptable, unless it is disadvantageous for the weaker party (ie, consumer).

Denmark

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous.

Warranty disclaimers against consumers are covered by mandatory provisions to protect the consumer. An unclear contractual term must be interpreted in favor of the consumer. The warranty must place the consumer in a significantly better position than what the consumer is entitled to under the law. A warranty can, for example, make it possible for the consumer to complain about a product for longer than the 2 years covered by the right of complaint under the Sale of Goods Act (LBKG 1853 2021-09-24).

Finland

In a B2B relationships, warranty disclaimers are enforced. However, they do not properly serve as effective limitations of liability for defects. It is therefore recommended that the limitations to the liability of a party in respect of defects are expressed precisely instead of relying on general "no warranty" disclaimers.

Special consumer legislation provisions apply in the B2C context.

France

Certain statutory warranties such as the warranty of conformity (conformité), warranty against latent defects (vices cachés) or quiet title warranty cannot be excluded except under specific circumstances.

Consumers are entitled to specific additional warranties, and warranty disclaimers are generally unenforceable toward consumers.

Moreover, recent provisions transposing the European Directives (EU) 2019/770 and (EU) 2019/771 into French law have extended the legal guarantee of conformity for digital goods, content and services. They have also clarified the new obligations of certain undertakings under the legal guarantee of conformity, such as the obligation to provide customers with specific information. For example, providers of digital goods and services shall now disclose, if relevant, the functionality of the digital content as well as any interoperability options.

Germany

As a general rule, warranty disclaimers are enforceable if negotiated individually. The Civil Code contains restrictions on enforceability for certain circumstances (eg, damages caused by intent). Further and quite extensive limitations apply in general terms and conditions (B2C and B2B), as well as generally in consumer contracts.

Hong Kong, SAR

Disclaimers of warranty are subject to the reasonableness test under the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 71). The disclaimers are enforceable if they are reasonable.

In a business contract for the sale of goods, a seller usually disclaims or excludes implied warranties under the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26), including implied warranties of merchantable quality and fitness for a particular purpose. For consumer contracts for the provision of services, the Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance (Cap. 457) stipulates certain warranties that will be implied into the contracts, such as the implied term to charge reasonably, and to perform the contract within a reasonable time and with reasonable care and skill.

With respect to consumer contracts, the liability for breach of the implied terms and conditions under the Sale of Goods Ordinance or Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to disclaimers. In other words, the seller or supplier (as applicable) would not be able to exclude or restrict their liability for breach of implied terms stipulated by the Ordinances by contractual means.

Hungary

As a principal rule stipulated in the Civil Code, warranty cannot be disclaimed in consumer contracts.

In license agreement, the licensor warrants according to the general rules that the subject matter of the license agreement is appropriate for the contractual use or exploitation.

The Trademark Act and the Patent Act contains special warranty rules that refer to the general rules of the Civil Code.

In the event a license agreement qualifies as a consumer contract, warranty cannot be validly disclaimed. In other cases, the warranty disclaimers are enforceable, although, given the fact that the new Hungarian Civil Code entered into force in 2014, there is no court practice to corroborate this.

The 1-year term of statutory warranty can be reduced, but not in the context of consumer contracts.

India

Where any right, duty or liability arises under a contract of sale by implication of law, it may be negated (ie, overridden) or varied by express agreement or by the course of dealing between the parties or by usage, if the usage is such as to bind both parties to the contract.

Sellers, in their contracts for the sale of goods, customarily disclaim or exclude implied warranties and terms under the SOGA. The implied warranties that are disclaimed are usually the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and, sometimes, non-infringement warranties arising from usage of trade and course of performance.

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforceable unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous, or relate to fraud, personal injury or death.

However, with the enactment of an updated consumer protection law in India, vide the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a new concept of product liability has been introduced, and it brings within its scope the manufacturer of the product, product seller or product service provider for any claim for compensation. Under the regime, manufacturers are liable in a product liability action even where it is proven that such manufacturer was not negligent or fraudulent in making any express warranty for the product sold.

Indonesia

Express warranty disclaimers are recognized and generally respected.

Ireland

While in general, warranty disclaimers will be enforceable under Irish law for business to business contracts, it is not possible to exclude the implied condition of title in a contract of sale.

The Sale of Goods Act 1893 (as amended by the Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 1980) contains certain implied terms relating to the quality of any goods. These cannot be excluded when supplying to consumers. There are other implied terms relating to the provision of services which can be excluded when supplying to consumers, subject to ensuring such exclusionary terms are fair and reasonable in the circumstances and are brought to the attention of the consumer.

 A warranty disclaimer in a business to consumer contract may be unenforceable against the consumer where it is unfair, having regard to the Consumer Rights Act 2022.

Israel

In general, under Israeli law, parties are free to enter into an agreement which sets out exclusion of warranties or implied terms, subject to such exclusion not being an unfairly prejudicial term contained within a standard contract. With respect to certain specific goods, Israeli law sets out a mandatory warranty to be granted to a consumer and such warranty cannot be stipulated except where such stipulation was made for the benefit of the consumer.

Italy

In B2B sale contracts, the vendor shall ensure that the goods sold are free from defects which could make the goods unfit for the use for which they are intended or which could appreciably impair their value. Pursuant to Section 1490 of the Italian Civil Code, the agreement by which the parties exclude or limit such guarantees has no effect if the seller has in bad faith concealed the goods’ defects to the buyer. Such legal guarantee lasts for 1 year from the delivery of the good.

In B2C sale contracts, the vendor shall insure consumers against any lack of conformity for a period of 2 years from the delivery of the good. In this case, the consumer is entitled, at its option, to the repair or replacement of the defective good. Should such remedies be impossible or too burdensome, the consumer is still entitled to a price reduction or a reimbursement against the return of the defective product. However, in the case of the supply of digital goods and services lasting more than 2 years, liability extends for the entire supply duration. Conversely, in the case of used goods, liability may be reduced to at least 1 year.

The consumer’s action to assert defects is time-barred for a period of 26 months from delivery of the goods, unless the seller has fraudulently concealed the defects. However, the presumption that a defect of the delivered goods already existed at the time of delivery is extended from 6 months to 1 year, and for the entire duration of the supply, in the case of digital goods and services, unless this assumption is incompatible with the nature of the goods or the nature of the lack of conformity. As such, the burden of proof falls on the seller with respect to the presence of the defect at the time of delivery.

Japan

Warranty disclaimers are generally enforceable unless sellers are aware of a defect in the product(s) at the time of sale.

For disclaimers against consumers, even if the seller is not aware of a defect in the product(s) at the time of sale, comprehensive disclaimers are not enforceable under the Consumer Contract Act (CCA) (Act No. 61 of 2000).

Luxembourg

Limitations and exclusions of warranty claims are generally permissible, including in business-to-consumer contracts, but are subject to the Luxembourg Consumer Code in respect of the sale of consumer goods, as amended, which provides a 2-year warranty period.

Mexico

Under Mexican law, the granting of warranties is mandatory only for determined products and services. If a seller or service provider grants warranty to its client, it shall respect such warranty in all its terms and conditions and contain the minimum requirements set forth by the applicable law.

Netherlands

Limitations of warranty claims are generally permissible, including in business-to-consumer contracts, but may be subject to certain restrictions in the Dutch Civil Code (especially in respect of general terms and conditions). Limitations of warranty provisions that set aside a consumer's statutory rights are generally prohibited in a sale of goods agreement entered into with a consumer. In a consumer sale, a warranty must state in plain intelligible language which rights or remedies are granted to the buyer and make clear that these entitlements are without prejudice to rights or remedies conferred by law. The warranty must further state the name and address of the seller or the producer who granted the warranty and the duration and territorial scope for which it holds.

New Zealand

Statutory consumers' rights cannot be disclaimed or limited by a warranty disclaimer. A warranty disclaimer that purports to exclude or limit these rights will be unenforceable and could also lead to civil and/or criminal proceedings against the trader. Any warranty provided must be additional to statutory consumer guarantees.

Warranty disclaimers between parties in trade are generally enforceable, but in some cases, for example where there is a substantial imbalance of bargaining power, disclaimers may be challenged.

Nigeria

By the law of contract, parties are free to submit themselves to any law of their choice, subject to conflicts with any mandatory provisions in such laws. Parties may also set their own values on the terms that they impose upon each other, and the consequences may be attached to any particular breach. By the Sales of Goods Act, enforceability of a warranty gives a right to an action for damages for the loss sustained but not the right to reject the goods or treat the contract as repudiated.

Norway

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous. Warranty disclaimers against consumers will most likely be covered by mandatory provisions seeking to protect the consumer, and, in case of an unclear contract terms, it must be interpreted in favor of the consumer.

Peru

N/A

Philippines

The principal laws that apply to the sale of goods and services in the Philippines are the Civil Code of the Philippines (Civil Code) and Republic Act No. 7394, or the Consumer Act of the Philippines (Consumer Act). The Consumer Act regulates the sale of consumer products on the Philippine market. It prohibits deceptive, unfair and unconscionable sales acts and practices.

Sellers, in contracts for the sale of goods and services, may include a waiver, disclaimer or implied warranties that are provided in the Civil Code for the benefit of buyers. The implied warranties that are disclaimed are usually the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, hidden defects, against eviction and sometimes non-infringement and warranties arising from usage of trade and course of performance.

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced except on certain instances where the seller has no knowledge of the defect or acted in bad faith.

Poland

In B2B relations, warranty for defects may be extended, limited or excluded. However, the exclusion or limitation of liability on account of warranty for defects is considered invalid if the defect was hidden deceitfully.

In contracts concluded with consumers, the limitation or the exclusion of liability on account of warranty for defects is only admissible in the cases provided for in specific provisions.

Portugal

This will depend on the specific warranty. Notwithstanding, the law may provide some restrictions on the enforceability of warranty disclaimers (eg, for reasons of consumer protection).

Romania

Sellers, in their contracts for the sale of goods under Article 1699 of the NCC, may not completely exclude their liability for damages caused by their own actions or generated by reasons known by the seller at the time of sale which were hidden from the buyer. Enforceability of disclaimers against consumers is of limited applicability as it is mandatory for companies to offer warranty for the products or services sold to consumers.

Russia

Warranty disclaimers may be recognized as invalid if they contradict mandatory Russian legal provisions, especially in the consumer context, where minimal statutory warranties in relation to specific goods or services are provided.

Saudi Arabia

Warranty disclaimer language must be considered on a case-by-case basis. Such language is generally subject to review by the KSA courts, which will likely assess whether the wording fairly allocates risk between the parties.

Singapore

The Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Supply of Goods Act 1982 imply a number of conditions and warranties into the agreement, including, for example, implied conditions as to the seller's title to the goods and that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality.

While it is not uncommon for a seller to disclaim warranties as to goods, where the contract for sale of goods is entered into with a consumer, disclaimers of warranties are subject to the reasonableness test under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 which restricts the extent to which a seller may limit their liability in respect of their implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose under the Sale of Goods Act 1979.

In addition, the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act 2003 will apply to consumer contracts alongside the  Sale of Goods Act 1979. If the goods do not conform to the applicable contract at the time of delivery, consumers have the right to require the seller to:

  • repair the goods;
  • replace the goods;
  • reduce the amount paid for the goods by the consumer; or
  • rescind the contract of sale.

Slovak Republic

Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

South Korea

Under the KCC, a seller is obligated under a statutory warranty to ensure that the product sold is not defective, unless the buyer was or should have been aware of the defect before it accepted the product. If defects are found in the product sold, the Korean law subjects the seller to the warranty liabilities vis-à-vis the purchaser.

Spain

Disclaimers of warranties are usually enforceable in business to business deals unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous. Disclaimers for gross negligence or willful behavior are void.

Warranty disclaimers against consumers are generally not allowed in most cases.

Sweden

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous. Unless otherwise agreed, goods shall, according to the Sale of Goods Act (1990:931) ( Köplagen) conform to the contract with respect to type, quantity, quality, other characteristics and packaging.

Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the goods shall:

  1. Be fit the purpose for which goods of a similar kind are generally used
  2. Be fit for the particular purpose for which the goods are intended to be used provided that the seller, at the time of sale, must have realized that particular purpose and the buyer was reasonably entitled to rely upon the seller's expert knowledge and judgment
  3. Possess the characteristics which the seller has referred to by providing samples or models
  4. Be packaged in the customary or otherwise satisfactory manner, if packaging is required in order to preserve or protect the goods

According to the Sales of Goods Act if the goods deviate from the abovementioned provisions or in some other respect deviate from the buyer's reasonable expectations, the goods shall be deemed to be defective.

The Sale of Goods Act may be applicable to intellectual property by analogy.

Consumer legislation on sale of goods provides mandatory provisions on warranties.

Switzerland

Disclaimers for implied warranties are generally enforceable unless defects have been concealed in bad faith by the disclaiming party. If express warranties are made for certain specifications, liability may not be validly excluded for these specifications, since this would constitute contradictory behavior.

If disclaimers are included in general terms and conditions, they are enforceable unless the provisions are unusual. Unusual provisions are only regarded as valid if the party proposing them has expressly drawn the attention of the other party to the special element.

The Federal Unfair Competition Act prohibits general terms and conditions that provide, contrary to good faith, for an unfair allocation of rights and obligations to the detriment of consumers.

Taiwan, China

Except for fundamental warranties, such as a warranty of normal functions of a product conformity or a quiet title warranty which cannot be disclaimed, disclaimers of other warranties (eg, fitness for a particular purpose or merchantability) are generally enforceable in Taiwan, provided that the Civil Code contains restrictions on enforceability under certain circumstances (eg, damages caused intentionally). Further and quite extensive limitations apply to contracts involving consumers.

Ukraine

Ukrainian law requires the guarantee to be granted by the producer – or its representative – of goods sold in Ukraine. Therefore, excluding guarantees, including the consumer guarantees, is not allowed. In case of commercial contracts, parties are generally free to define the scope of the guarantee. Thus, the wording of the guarantee provisions may contain, in fact, a limited guarantee.

United Arab Emirates

In the UAE, suppliers of products (goods and services) are required to warrant that the products supplied conform to safety standards, are of good workmanship and are suitable for use in relation to their intended purposes. Suppliers are also required to warrant that the products are free from any defects and to undertake the repair or replacement of defective products. Generally, suppliers cannot contract out of these requirements. The local courts may therefore construe a warranty disclaimer accordingly.

United Kingdom

In a contract for the sale of goods, the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA) implies a number of terms into an agreement. It is possible, to a certain extent, to disclaim some but not all of these implied terms. The terms implied by the SGA include a condition that the seller has the right to sell the goods (Section 12), that the goods conform to their description (Section 13), that the goods are of satisfactory quality (Section 14) and a condition that the goods supplied will be reasonably fit for purpose (Section 14).

Where there is a supply of goods, terms are also implied (but similarly, may to an extent be disclaimed) by the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 (SGSA) relating to the description (Sections 3 and 11C) and the quality (Sections 4 and 11D) of the goods transferred. In a Supply of Services, terms are implied relating to the care and skill with which the work is performed (Section 13), requiring the work to be carried out within a reasonable time (Section 14) and that, where consideration is not expressed in the contract, the party contracting the supplier will pay a reasonable charge. Sections 13 and 14 are covered by common law rather than statute in Scotland.

The extent to which terms implied by the SGA and the SGSA may be excluded is largely controlled by the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA). In a commercial contract, some of the implied terms, such those relating to quality or fitness for purpose, can be disclaimed (commonly referred to as “excluded”) but only insofar as this is “reasonable.” A typical approach is to expressly exclude an implied term, replacing it in the commercial contract with a more specific expressed term to cover the same issue. For example, the contract might exclude implied terms as to quality or fitness but expressly include terms agreeing that the goods will conform with the bespoke specification.

The restrictions in UCTA do not apply to international supply contracts (where contracting parties have places of business in different countries and the goods either cross from one country to another or where offer and acceptance take place in different countries).

The rules set out above in this section do not apply to consumer contracts. The Consumer Rights Act 2015 sets out a consumer's statutory rights over the quality of the goods, services and digital content that are supplied and the consumer's statutory remedies for the trader's breach of the supply contract. For example, the same quality requirements of the SGA and the SGSA referred to above are treated as the terms of the consumer supply contract for goods and services while similar, but different, rules apply to digital content. There are a number of terms in consumer contracts which cannot be excluded. The terms of consumer contracts and notices may also be considered unfair and not binding on consumers.

United States

Sellers, in their contracts for the sale of goods under Article 2 of the UCC, customarily disclaim or exclude implied warranties that are provided in the UCC for the benefit of buyers. The implied warranties that are disclaimed are usually the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and sometimes non-infringement and warranties arising from usage of trade and course of performance.

Disclaimers of warranty are usually enforced unless they are unconscionable, unclear or not conspicuous. Enforceability of disclaimers against consumers may differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.